Abstract: Paediatric Urological Conditions are common but often under-recognised in day-to-day practice. From urinary tract infections to congenital anomalies like hydronephrosis and vesicoureteric reflux, early diagnosis and timely referral are crucial for preventing long-term renal damage. This session will equip participants with practical red flags, first-line management strategies, and referral guidelines to optimise outcomes for children worldwide.

Objective: The session will highlight key clinical decision points and referral guidelines through a few practical case vignettes. 

Case Discussions:

Case 1 – The Recurrent UTI Toddler – A 3-year-old child with recurrent febrile UTIs prompts discussion on when to suspect Vesicouretral reflux, the role of Ultrasound, MCU, and DMSA scans and the debated role of antibiotic prophylaxis.

Case 2 – The Antenatal Surprise – An antenatally detected unilateral hydronephrosis in an asymptomatic neonate illustrates postnatal imaging protocols, criteria for reassurance and the red flags that necessitate further evaluation for obstructive uropathy.

Case 3 – The Undescended testis – Delayed presentation at 18 months highlights the importance of referral before 1 year of age, and the need for counselling regarding risks of infertility, torsion and malignancy while dispelling myths about spontaneous descent.

Case 4 – The Boy with Hypospadias – A preschool-aged boy with an abnormal stream of urine. Discussion will cover recognition of hypospadias, common parental concerns, why circumcision should be avoided, timing of referral and surgical considerations.

Conclusion: The timely diagnosis and appropriate referral are crucial in preventing long-term morbidity. A case-based, evidence-driven approach equips all healthcare providers, whether in primary care, paediatrics or surgery, with practical strategies to optimise outcomes. Strengthening collaboration between paediatricians, urologists, and allied specialists ensures that children receive safe, effective and timely care. 

Dr V Sai Prasuna completed her Master's in General Surgery (MS) at the age of 30 years and completed her second Master's in Paediatric Surgery (MCh) at the age of 33 years. She has a total of 7 years of experience in the field of surgery. She is presently working as a Consultant at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Cuddles, Kurnool. She has good experience in operating on children, both open and laparoscopically.