Successful orthodontic treatment in growing patients depends strictly on a deep understanding of fundamental biological principles, including embryology, physiology, and craniofacial growth. While growth is defined as an increase in cellular size and number, development refers to the progression toward physiological specialization and structural complexity. In clinical orthodontics, these processes are pivotal as they directly influence the onset, progression, and resolution of malocclusions. Growth can exert both beneficial and adverse effects on the developing occlusion; therefore, mastering these concepts is paramount for achieving predictable and stable results. Orthodontists and pediatric dentists share the clinical responsibility to recognize, diagnose, and manage developing malocclusions. These discrepancies do not merely affect dental alignment but significantly impact facial proportions, aesthetic harmony, and essential oral functions. Early diagnosis is essential to restore the physiological balance between skeletal and muscular components. Since many malocclusions tend to worsen over time rather than self-correct, interceptive orthodontics is often indicated to resolve skeletal disharmonies or, at the very least, to simplify future comprehensive phases of treatment. This lecture focuses on the most prevalent malocclusions influencing dentofacial growth during childhood. The management strategies and ideal treatment timing, evaluating specific indications for early orthopedic and orthodontic intervention, will be analyzed. Furthermore, the discussion will detail the etiological factors that influence long-term prognosis and the stability of therapeutic outcomes in the growing patient.

Cinzia Maspero is an Associate Professor at the University of Milan, Italy, in the Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences. She is also the Director of the University’s Postgraduate School of Pediatric Dentistry. Her academic and clinical interests include pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, child behavior management, dental anxiety, pain control, and conscious sedation. She has contributed to research on managing anxiety in children during dental treatment and the use of sedation techniques for behaviorally challenging pediatric patients. She is affiliated with Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milan and is involved in pediatric dental education and clinical research. Her work focuses on improving the safety, comfort, cooperation, and clinical outcomes of children receiving dental care.